Procedure modified by Fabian Dauzvardis, Megan Young and George Lisensky, Beloit College, from "Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells", J. H. Noh, S. H. Im, J. H. Heo, T. N. Mandal, and S. I. Seok, Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1764-1769.
For solid solutions with the same arrangement of atoms, the size of a unit cell depends on the size of the atoms in the unit cell. Consider samples of the CH3NH3Pb(I1‑xBrx)3 semiconductor. Since I- and Br- are different sizes, changing the value of x between 0 and 1 should change the unit cell size. Since the distance between nuclei helps determine how strongly electrons are held, changing the value of x should also change the band gap energy. In this experiment you will study CH3NH3Pb(I1‑xBrx)3 for an assigned value of x, measure the unit cell size by powder x-ray diffraction, and estimate the band gap energy by visible absorption spectroscopy. Combining class values will let us see the overall relationship between composition, atomic size, and electron energy levels.
Caution: these samples contain lead. Care should be taken not to accidentally ingest them. Clean up all spills. Dispose of the material in an appropriate waste container.
Procedure | Wear eye protection |
Chemical gloves required |
Fumehood required |
Synthesis and Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
Align the wide end of an aluminum XRD holder with the end of a glass microscope slide. Use a marker to draw the XRD sample position on the microscope slide. Write the value of x in the CH3NH3Pb(I1‑xBrx)3 formula on the slide. Show your labeled slide to TA or instructor before going on. Heat a hotplate to 120°C in a hood. (You can use a cooking thermometer to measure the temperature of the top of the hotplate.) Place the microscope slide with the drawn side down onto the middle of the hotplate. Repeatedly dip a pasteur pipet (no bulb) into your assigned solution and tap the pipet onto the hot microscope slide to transfer solution and cover the sample area. When you have filled the sample area and the liquid has evaporated, take the slide to the XRD instrument. Keep the sample on a hotplate near the instrument until it is your turn. If a sample phase-separates (a color change occurs on cooling) reheat the sample. Record the XRD spectrum of the sample on the glass slide. Use a second blank slide to give a thicker piece of glass in the instrument holder. Scan from 27.5° to 30.5° (step width 0.02° and a 1 sec count gives a 3 minute scan). Measure the peak position, 2θ, and use Bragg's Law, λ = 2d sinθ, to determine the spacing between planes, d. The X-ray wavelength depends on the target in the instrument X-ray tube. Common targets are Cr (2.28970Å), Fe (1.93604Å), Co (1.78897Å), Cu (1.54056Å), or Mo (0.70930Å) metals. To do the calculation in Jade, click on Find PeaksDouble the d-spacing to get the unit cell size (this is the 200 peak.)Synthesis and Visible Spectroscopy
Use a straightedge and a diamond pencil to score the center of a 22x40mm cover slip. Draw the line only once. Use about the same amount of pressure that you would use to write on paper with a regular pencil. Fold away along the line to produce two 11x40mm pieces of glass that will fit in the visible spectrometer. Prepare a sample for visible spectroscopy measurements by using a micropipet to add 10µL of mixture to half a cover slip on a 120° hotplate. Heat for 5-10 minutes.Extrapolate the two linear portions of the visible spectra to find their intersection. This wavelength corresponds to the minimum energy needed to excite an electron from the conductance band to the valence band which is called the band gap energy, E=hc/λ. If two steps are observed, reheat the sample.
Cleanup
Do not rinse with water or you will get an insoluble precipitate. When finished with the spectroscopy, return the labeled glass pieces. Wash your hands with hot water before leaving the lab.
Stock Solutions
x | (CH3NH3)PbI3 | (CH3NH3)PbBr3 |
1.00 | 0 µL | 250 µL |
0.90 | 25 µL | 225 µL |
0.80 | 50 µL | 200 µL |
0.70 | 75 µL | 175 µL |
0.60 | 100 µL | 150 µL |
0.50 | 125 µL | 125 µL |
0.40 | 150 µL | 100 µL |
0.30 | 175 µL | 75 µL |
0.20 | 200 µL | 50 µL |
0.10 | 225 µL | 25 µL |
0.00 | 250 µL | 0 µL |
Preparation of solids used to make the stock solutions