Carbohydrates and Energy
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Glucose
alpha
break ring
linear
beta
Galactose
alpha
break ring
linear
beta
Fructose
alpha
break ring
linear
beta
Mannose
alpha
break ring
linear
beta
Ribose
alpha
break ring
linear
beta
Deoxyribose
alpha
break ring
linear
beta
Disaccharides
α-lactose
β-lactose
cellobiose
sucrose
maltose
trehalose
Polysaccharides
Cellulose (small)
Cellulose (large)
Amylose (small)
Amylose
Cycloamylose
1c58
Amylopectin (small)
Glycogen (small)
Glycogen (large)
Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Dihydroflavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FADH2)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
+
(NAD+)
Hydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
+
(NADP+)
Glucose-6-Phosphate (G6P)
linear G6P
Fructose-6-Phosphate (F6P)
linear F6P
Pyruvate
-1
Citrate
-3
Proteins
Amylase
3cpu
Hexokinase
1cza
Lactase
3ob8
Sucrase
3lpo
Sodium/sugar symporter with bound galactose
3dh4
Electrostatic Potential Key
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Element Labels:
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Proteins:
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Ribbon
Cartoon
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Strands
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Colors:
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Rainbow
Chain
CPK
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Color by electrostatic potential
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Molecules modified from
PubChem
and
Protein Data Bank
.
This page created by George Lisensky, Beloit College.
Last modified November 1, 2025.
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